Motivation Techniques in Workforce Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 9

Inspiration Techniques in Workforce - Case Study Example Huge Ray’s organization should have great human asset approaches (Bernanke 23). It gives reasonable treatment to all workers and has a no-cutback strategy. It is suggested that the human asset administrators be rousing their workers to be increasingly profitable by offering motivations. The motivators incorporate a clinical spread, blessings and so on.  There is a requirement for Big Ray’s organization to advance a camaraderie where everybody in the association is made to accept that they â€Å"are in this thing together† (Bernanke 25). This will apply to all directors and workers. Incredible things will be accomplished when individuals cooperate.  Communication issues should be settled so as to upgrade dedication. Absence of correspondence is deciphered by representatives as not mindful. Open and successive correspondence with workers at Big Ray’s organization will construct trust and decreases dread. Correspondence is significant in light of the fact that representatives will air their complaints and make proposals. This is significant at the Big Ray’s organization due to the idea of the activity. This ought to be kept up on the grounds that it helps the confidence of laborers.  Motivation is significant in any work since it expands work execution (Bernanke 27). Representatives who are spurred to work by being given rewards increment their yield than their partners who are not given rewards, money related motivating forces and so on.  Employees function admirably in a domain that is liberated from an excess of commotion and wellbeing perils. For instance, the zone where the materials at Big Ray’s organization is dealt with, cut and prepared is boisterous and risky. This should be decreased so as to contend with their rivals who offer great working conditions to their representatives.

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purchase custom Sex and Morality article The motivation behind the article is four-crease. Initially, the exposition will give an outline dependent on the general contemplations of the standards expressing what wellsprings of good information are, saying that the standards of profound quality are enduring, why those standards are lasting, and what the essential guideline of sexual ethical quality is. Second, the work will express the reasons given for the decisions made about pre-marriage sex, homosexuality, and masturbation in explicit applications. Third, it will give a portrayal of how acquiescence adds to ethical quality, and in conclusion, it will reach a determination that gives a viewpoint on sexuality and profound quality. Conversation Regarding present day logical research, sexuality significantly influences a person's life since it is among those elements which recognize individuals. Indeed, sex prompts the qualification of a man and lady mentally, naturally and profoundly, subsequently, it characterizes his/her development and mix in the general public. Sexual issues structure the significant topic that is straightforwardly and every now and again examined in books, magazines, surveys, just as other internet based life (Seidman, 2003). It is apparent that, in the present world individuals concur that human business and respect can be found through own knowledge and qualities inalienable in their tendency Moreover, people should sustain those qualities and practice them in their lives, for them to accomplish an observable turn of events (Greenberg, Bruess Conklin, 2011). According to moral issues, an individual can't by and by make a worth judgment, since intentionally he/she distinguishes a law that he/she can't force on him/herself, however guarantees his/her submission. It is bogus in the contemporary world for individuals to declare that it is outlandish for a man to discover unchanging standard in human instinct and uncover law that serves certain reasons, which are not communicated in the general law of good cause, just as incentive for human respect. Notwithstanding, divine disclosure accentuates the veritable requests of human instinct. This shows the nearness of changeless laws that are inborn in the constitutive essentials of human instinct, and all things considered, it is displayed by people talented with reason. Sexual morals worries with both Christian life and human principal esteems; therefore, its educating similarly relates to sexuality. Church has unhesitatingly transmitted a few standards and standards as a piece of its educating, however common ethics and suppositions ppose them (Adams Pigg, 2005). The rule doesn't start from certain culture type, yet from divine law and human instinct information. Numerous people vindicate pre-marriage sex, yet their supposition contradicts Christian convention which expresses that sex ought to be delighted in inside the bounds of marriage, and that pre-marriage sex can't shield connections from eccentricities and impulses. Likewise, the individuals who practice homosexuality do it contrary to the Christian lessons and good sense. The gay people ought to be concurred vital treatment and comprehension so as to beat their issues and be instilled to the general public effectively. Their reprehensibility will be assessed with alert. Today, the regulation kept up by Catholic that masturbation indicates a grave moral issue is denied or questioned. Masturbation, from a mental and sociological angle is viewed as a typical wonder that demonstrates sexual turn of events. In spite of the fact that it can't be legitimized that sacred writings censure the transgression, the congregation comprehends that the New Testament denounces it when it talks about un chastity, polluting influence, just as different indecencies. Dutifulness is a goodness that empowers somebody to be in concurrence with, to go along, regard or fit in with something. It is something contrary to rebellion. People might be respectful to somebody or of something due to dread of the outcomes. Just the individuals who are bold enough will in general rebel. For example, a small kid will comply with their parent on account of the dread of the stick. In the event that it was not of the results, the kid would have resisted the parent. This is alluded to as a visually impaired compliance in the event that you are being compelled to adjust. Numerous individuals obey so they can have tranquility with themselves while others resist looking for opportunity or freedom. Many difficulty creators, we state, are fearless on the grounds that they look for their own autonomy and self duty. At the point when an individual is defiant individuals will in general evade away from him/her in forlorn circumstances while individuals, who know about the outcomes, will in general follow great conduct. Delinquents are consistently individuals with terrible standards or qualities that incorporate insubordination. This individuals, who are typically occupied with hazardous exercises, for example, theft, are of defiant as well as gallant. Acquiescence is tied in with dismissing your own character when individuals will in general be accommodating, for example, spouses ought to be accommodating to their husbands regardless of what they orrder. The spouses will just follow it since they dread their husbands. Compliance as a rule doesn't include a ton of addressing and thinking that will expand the odds of one being controlled and misused either by the remainder of individuals or the legislature. Its lone when you are gallant that you question the legitimateness of certain activities. For example, if the administration provides a request the residents, they should decide whether it is correct or wrong before they comply. Regularly, individuals will in general look for similarity since they think that its simpler than insubordination. It doesn't include a great deal however just social responsibility.For occurrence, individuals follow the cultural standards and qualities since they are a piece of the network and any conflict with the standards can drive the familial spirits mad. This will bring a revile or enduring among the individuals from the general public. The expense of noncompliance is at times terrifying and requires tough individuals to confront it. The Bible states, in the event that one needs to live work the mature age, the person should comply with their folks. To be in acceptable terms with the maker, acquiescence is superior to forfeit, this makes it workable for a person to relate with the amazing admirably and be on a saver side both in the natural living and the life to come. The vast majority activities depend on the present and future advantages that they infer. Those, who are rebellious, are fearless enough to confront the outcomes simply in any event, whenever they had a chance to carry on well. Again we discover individuals like Abraham, David, Shadrack, Meshack and Aberdneko in the Bible to be the most gutsy individuals to obey God regardless of whether the results, they were going to confront, was excessively extreme (Fuller, 1964). Their activities were not because of dread however the estimation of Gods lessons in their lives. End All in all, compliance is an ethical prudence that we have to maintain regardless of whether the results are excessively extreme and requesting. In spite of the fact that the treats that accompany noncompliance incorporate opportunity and freedom, they are brief. Recognition of the moral law, just as training of celibacy in the field of sexuality, is imperiled. This is on the grounds that there is a developing propensity to limit, yet not deny, grave sin reality in the lives of individuals. In light of Christian lessons, moral sin isn't just commenced on immediate and formal protection from virtuousness, yet it is additionally found in the restriction of true love exemplified in moral laws. Purchase custom Sex and Morality paper

Can Politics be Removed from Redistricting Essay

Would politics be able to be Removed from Redistricting - Essay Example The demonstration of redistricting is a procedure that requires sufficient arranging by the enactment body before they concoct a total and reasonable type of new regions. In spite of the fact that the enactment body has the privilege and benefit to get ready for the redistricting procedure, they are not skillful enough of ensuring that the arrangement will be fruitful. In this way my stand concerning the issue is that legislative issues can and ought to be expelled from redistricting. Iowa is the single express that is fit for giving any of the fair network the privilege of setting up laws that oversees the systems that apply in the redistricting procedure. This is on the grounds that in a considerable lot of the known states, the system of the redistricting is exclusively completed by the administration body and furthermore the political alone. This is in consideration of the republicans just as the democrats of the states. Subsequently, this activity is frequently to help the repub licans and additionally for the upside of the democrats. This is on the grounds that; they utilize this plan to their advantage of the political interests. Along these lines, the republicans and the democrats do this to get a huge segment of their states to grow the locale zone. In addition, this activity is essentially for them to increase sole security in the activity division. Consequently in Iowa, this methodology is exclusively performed by a gathering of determination of three gatherings. These gatherings incorporate legal advisors, the representative, the secretary, and the examiner. Furthermore, there are additionally the two fundamental people who are from the mainstream ideological groups (Vork 1). This is essentially to stay away from any type of debasement and control of the procedure that oversees the redistricting strategies (Vork 1). Subsequently, for the redistricting procedure to be all together, there are resource of states laws that the body should follow. There a re an assortment of redistricting techniques that a state can utilize during the time spent redistricting. There is the autonomous body framework, which includes the work of people from the free segment with a couple of agents from the legislators and the legislature. The expenses and advantages of various redistricting frameworks Thus the advantage of this body framework is that there will be no impedance during the redistricting forms by the ideological groups (Ansolabehere, Gerber and Snyder 768). Second, there is the officials framework. This framework uses the authoritative body of the administration. The main cost that this body brings is the suggestions during the redistricting system. This is on the grounds that the authoritative body uses the laws set by the administration body. Subsequently it turns out to be hard for the administrators not to support the legislature just as the ideological groups. In spite of the fact that the two sorts of the redistricting are unique, th e central objective of the procedure is to achieve adjusted and equivalent types of locale without favor (Ansolabehere, Gerber and Snyder 770). Subsequently the main advantage of the redistricting procedure is that the state gets the chance of being in the rundown of the legislature for the advancement procedure. For example, the minority bunch gets the chance to get the monetary help from the administration effortlessly. This further permits an equivalent and uniform measure of use by the legislature for the regions from the minorities (Ansolabehere, Gerber and Snyder 768). Considering or not thinking about how certain elements may change the kind of regions drawn

Group size and color Implications on fish schooling behavior - Free Essay Example

Group size and color: Implications on fish schooling behavior of promelas, innesi, sphenops and reticulata. Abstract: Fish use schooling as a coping mechanism for survival. The purpose of this study was to examine if fish preferred larger or smaller schools and if when the school sizes are the same size, will fish have a preference for the color red or blue. It was hypothesized that the fish would prefer large schools over small schools and the color blue over red. Both experiments were done inside of a tank and it was observed which side of a drawn line the fish was on at given times. The results of the first experiment showed a slight preference for small groups and were insignificant. The results of the second experiment were significant and showed a preference for blue over red. The hypothesis for fish having a preference for large groups over small groups was not supported by the results. The hypothesis for fish to prefer blue over red was supported by the results. The results of the first experiment could have happened because due to small group size, the fish were maybe choosing a school base d on familiarity rather than size. The results for the second experiment could have occurred due to surface dwelling fish being sensitive to the colors blue and green and not the color red. Intro: Animals have evolutionary forms groups for better survival. The types of group can vary from a family with parents to unrelated individuals (Alexander 1974 1974). The main benefits of forming groups is that there less risks spreading diseases since animals are not reproducing with animals outside of the group. Animals also tend to use groups to protect themselves from predators and gain more food because groups split the food (Alexander 1974). Animals that utilize groups effectively are fish. Fish have been well known to know perform schooling behavior for survival. In a recent study, it was found that fish will exploit food resources more effectively and efficiently when hunting in schools (Reuter et al 2015). Fish also form groups because evolutionarily groups benefit members is that there is less competition for group members when breeding (Alexander 1974). Fish also form schools because a predators are less likely to hunt an entire school of fish versus a whole group of fish (Sco tt and Sloman 2004). A school of fish also make it more visually confusing for a predator to spot a single fish (Scott and Sloman 2004). Fish have three motor patterns within groups. There can be a tendency for a fish to initiate the other direction of swimming of another fish (Hemmings 1966). Fish also have a tendency return to another fish if they are not following and there also is a tendency for fish to follow fish swimming away from them (Hemmings 1966). Despite these motor patterns, there are typically not a difference in social status in groups (Pavlov and Kasumyan 2000). The fish only count the leader as the swimming at the center of the school, which for a half a second or less because the front fish will quickly move to either the rear or the middle of the school (Pavlov and Kasumyan 2000). It has been shown however, that fish in different positions in the school will respond differently to stimuli. In Abramas brama, the center of the school was less sensitive to sensitive stimulus compared to the sides, which was more than 5 times as likely to response to external stimulus (Pavlov and Kasumyan 2000). The pu rpose of this study was to see if fish schooling behavior is affected by group size and if fish are more drawn to the color red or blue when the school size is the same. The Hypothesis was that fish will prefer larger group sizes and prefer the color blue over the color red. Methods: Both experiments utilized a 15-gallon tank with air stones on either end of the tank. The tank was divided into three by plexiglass dividers so there was a middle, right and left section of the tank. Both width sides and one length side of the tank were covered in Kraft paper to filter out distractions for the fish. A dip net was used to transport the fish to the tank, and there a bucket of chemicals to place the dipnet into for sterilization. A stopwatch, in this case an iPhone, was used to account for time. A dry erase maker was used so a line could be drawn halfway down the middle section of the tank, so it could be determined which side the fish was nearer. A difference with the second experiment what the plexiglass dividers had acetate colored paper in-between them and, with one divider being red and one divider being blue. The second experiment also had 3 fish on both sides of the tank. To conduct the first experiment with 5 trials, the fish, Rosy Red Minnows, were placed in the left section of the tank and 2 fish were placed on the right side of the tank. A single fish, from a large tank of fish of the same species, was placed in the middle of tank using the dip net and was given three minutes of acclamation time. Then every 30 seconds for 15 minutes total using a stopwatch, it was recorded which side of the line the fish was on, so it could be later determined which group the fish preferred. The recording was done by checking a box in a two-column table if the fish was on the group with 5 fish or 2 fish. After the 15 minutes, the tested fish was placed in a holding tank to be later placed back in its original tank. This procedure was repeated for 5 separate fishes. The grand total of the fishs observed position was then calculated with a total of 880 data points for the first experiment. Then the chi square test of goodness-of-fit with the Yates correction was done to determine if the results were significant. The second experiment had the same procedure, but both groups were 3 fish instead of 5 and 2 and the tank had a blue and red divider so the fish were either go to the blue or red side of the tank. The second experiment had the same procedure of checking boxes from a two-column table, but the two categories to check for were blue or red side. The second experiment was also done for 10 minutes instead of 15 minutes with a grand total of 95 trials done for the second experiment. Results: The results of the first experiment were insignificant and showed that the fish slightly preferred small schools because they were drawn to small schools with a grand total of 445 times and large schools 435 times (Figure 1) (chi square goodness of fit test, x2 = .092, df=1, p=0.762). In experiment two, the responses were significantly different and the fish were drawn to the blue side 88 times and the red side 7 times (Figure 2) (chi square goodness of fit test, x2 = 67.368-16, df=1, p=2.25-16). Figure 1. The grand total number of the times the fish in the middle section of the tank swam to a large group with 5 fish versus a small group with 2 fish. (chi square goodness of fit test, x2 = .092, df=1, p=0.762) Figure 2- The total number of times the fish in the middle section swam to the blue or red divider. (chi square goodness of fit test, x2 = 67.368-16, df=1, p=2.25-16) Discussion: The hypothesis that fish prefer larger schools was not supported because the results indicating that fish preferred small groups were insignificant, and so it cannot be concluded that this relationship occurs in nature. The school size results are insignificant, but other researchers have found that fish would prefer larger groups over small groups. The fish could have preferred the smaller group over the larger group because of the size of the fish in the group. Keenleyside (1955) showed that small fish would prefer a group of larger fish over a group of small fish. Perhaps in the school size experiment the fish in the smaller groups were larger than the fish in the large groups, therefore skewing the data to favor small groups slightly over the large groups. Another reason the small groups could have been favored in the large schools was that in another study it was shown that fish preferred familiar fish, fish they are cohesive with in antipredator behavior, less as group size inc reased (Griffiths and Magurran 1997). The fish might have chosen groups based on familiarity and not group size because the group sizes were small. The hypothesis that fish prefer blue over red when choosing a school of the sizes was supported by the results and the results were significant (Pope and Fry 1997) showed that the color blue is absorbed more profoundly than red, which means the color blue would be found at deeper depths in water. Rosy Red Minnows would equally see red and blue because they live in shallow water such as rivers, ponds, and temporary pools. The question now is why the fish would preference the color blue over red. A possible explanation is that guppies, surface dwelling fish, are sensitive to blue and green colors and not red colors (Levine and MacNichol Jr 1982). Rosy Red Minnows are also surface dwelling; therefore, they might also not be sensitive to the color red. The minnows could just see a blue divider and a colorless divider; therefore, they preferred the blue divider because it was the familiar color. This would mean that the fish has the color based on familiarity and not preference. The purpose of the experiment was to test the effect of school size on schooling behavior in fish, and if fish had a preference for color when the opposing school sizes were the same. The results of the first experiment for group size are insignificant but could possibly be explained by familiarity instead of group size. The results of the second experiment for color preference are significant but could be more likely due to familiarity than preference for a color. The results might reflect that fish stick with familiar environments as much as possible due to basic survival instincts. The results might mean that fish within schools are only social within the school and not likely to interact with other schools. A question from the first experiment that should explored would be if the opposing school size were even more polarized, would there be significant results? Future investigations to expand on the color experiment would be to use blue and green dividers, because these are sensi tive colors that the fish can likely distinguish between. References Alexander, R. D. 1974. The Evolution of Social Behavior. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 5:325â€Å"383. GRIFFITHS, S. W., and A. E. MAGURRAN. 1997. Schooling preferences for familiar fish vary with group size in a wild guppy population. School of Biological and Medical Sciences 264:547â€Å"551. Hemmings, C. C. 1966. OLFACTION AND VISION IN FISH SCHOOLING. J. Exp. Biol 45:449â€Å"464. Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, and Stazione Zoologica, Naples Keenleyside, M. H. 1955. Some Aspects of the Schooling Behaviour of Fish. Behaviour 8:183â€Å"247. Levine, J. S., and E. F. Macnichol. 1982. Color Vision in Fishes. Scientific American 246:140â€Å"149. Pavlov, D. P., and A. O. Kasumyan. 2000. Patterns and mechanisms of schooling behavior in fish: A review. Journal of Ichthyology. Pope, R. M., and E. S. Fry. 1997. Absorption spectrum (380â€Å"700 nm) of pure water II Integrating cavity measurements. Applied Optics 36:8710. Reuter, H., M. Kruse, A. Rovellini, and B. Breckling. 2016. Evolutionary trends in fish schools in heterogeneous environments. Ecological Modelling 326:23â€Å"35. Scott, G. R., and K. A. Sloman. 2004. The effects of environmental pollutants on complex fish behaviour: integrating behavioural and physiological indicators of toxicity. Aquatic Toxicology 68:369â€Å"392.

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Dickin Hard Times Essay - 787 Words

Dickin Hard Times Louisa was influenced by her father’s educational system, causing her to base all experiences on facts, without any imagination involved in determinism. She was forced by her fathers philosophy to learn thatâ€Å" you musn’t fancy† (14) causing her to base all experiences exclusively on fact. This type of guidance restricted all emotions within her life. As a result of her fathers teachings throughout the novel Louisa slowly comes to a realization that she was dependent on others ideas, and doesn’t have any emotional experiences to guide her own positions. This is directly evident at two points in the text; First when she had been presented with a proposal for marriage, and on her voyage to visit her ill mother. By Louisa†¦show more content†¦Her answer is one that involves no emotion, and this can be seen in the blandness of her remark, â€Å"Mr Bounderby asks me to marry him. The question I have to ask myself is, shall I marry him? That is so, father, is it not? You have told me so, father. Have you not?†.(103) The second point at which Louisa realizes that her father’s philosophy has a suppressing influence on her emotions was during a voyage home to visit her sick mother. During this voyage there is a point when Dickens writes â€Å"as she approached her home now, did any of the best influences of old home descend upon her. The dreams of childhood - its airy fables; its graceful, beautiful humane, impossible adornments of the world beyond† ... â€Å" what had she to do with these?† (198). Louisa become conscious that her father’s school of facts has left her with nothing in place of her childhood. â€Å" Her remembrances of home and childhood were remembrances of the drying up of every spring and fountain in her young heart as it gushed out. The golden waters were not there.† (198). This is significant because Louisa has now recognized that her father’s philosophy of â€Å"facts facts facts† has left her with no emotional experiences, whic h would have helped to create her childhood dreams. Louisa is now aware that if she were to live a life of pleasure she must begin by living her lifeShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Hard Times By Charles Dickens875 Words   |  4 PagesAntoine Wood Dr. Dolata ENG-460 16 Jan. 2016 In Hard Times one Carefully Observes the Idea of Change and can Incorporate Different Morals as They Coincide and Transcend Today In the story of Hard Times written by Charles Dickens one can clearly tell that the story is set during a time when many believed in stressing the importance of strict disciplinary actions. The story kicks concerning the idea of facts. Within the text one can notice the idea of a few things: the nature of learning, common knowledgeRead MoreAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Using Pigeons942 Words   |  4 PagesThese heroic birds reached their destinations 96% of the time (americainwwii.com). In Piaggio, Italy, mules carried soldiers and supplies along the rugged, terrain. Horses trudged along into the Battle of Philippines carrying soldiers (youtube.com). The 10th Mountain Division used over 14,000 mules in the rugged, unforgiving terrain of Northern Italy between 1944 and 1945. These are prime examples of when horses and mules aided our hard working troops during World War II. Horses were used to transportRead MoreAnalysis: Hard Times by Charles Dickens1807 Words   |  7 PagesHard Times as a Social Commentary with Parallels in the Modern Era The novel Hard Times by Charles Dickens is clearly an incitement of the economic and social burden associated with economic and social disparity. The work is set in a small fictional mill town, Coketown, where the challenges of the newly emerging industrial revolution were fundamentally being set at the footsteps of the poor, who had little if any opportunity for upward mobility. During this period the alternatives for those withRead MoreThe Impact of the French Revolution on European Society in Terms of Its Social Thinking4261 Words   |  18 Pagesother parts of the world. The Industrial Revolution was a period from 1750 until 1850 where changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, transportation, and technology had a profound effect on the social, economic and cultural conditions of the times. It began in Great Britain, then subsequently spread throughout Western Europe, Northern America, Japan, and eventually the rest of the world. The economic consequences of the French Revolution and the reforms that were imposed on certain GermanRead MoreMisconceptions on Learner Autonomy: a Methodological and Conceptual Renewal4972 Words   |  20 Pagesall decisions concerning all aspects of this learning; i.e: - determining the objectives; - defining the contents and progressions; - selecting methods and techniques to be used; - monitoring the procedure of acquisition properly speaking (rhythm, time, place, etc.); - evaluating what has been acquired. The autonomous learner is himself capable of making all decisions concerning the learning with which he is or wishes to be involved. (Holec, 1981:3) While reviewing the literature of ‘autonomy’ in

Study on Carbohydrates free essay sample

What little work has been done in humans does little to answer the question. Two correlative comparisons ofusers and nonusers of artificial sweeteners showed that the sweeteners had no effect on body weight (18, 19). In contrast, an epidemiological study of 78 694 women found that reported weight gain was greater in those who used artificial sweeteners than in those who did not (20). There are only three published studies that have used a causative amount when approach. ofweight ate APM replaced In one, dieters who two, during were either hether artificial sweeteners aid intake and body weight, we gave free-living, normal-weight subjects 1 150 g soda sweetened with aspartame (APM) or high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) per day. Relative to when no soda was given, drinking APM-sweetcontrol of long-term food ened soda for 3 wk significantly reduced calorie intake drinking the of both females weight sweetened take (n = 9) and males (n = of males but not of females. soda body for 3 wk signif icantly and 2 1) and However, decreased the body HFCScalorie in- increased Downloaded from www. ajcn. org by guest on June 1, 2011 eight of both sexes. Ingesting either type of soda reduced intake of sugar from the diet without affecting intake of other nutrients. Drinking large volumes of APMsweetened soda, in contrast to drinking HFCS-sweetened soda, reduces sugar intake and thus may facilitate the control of calorie intake and body weight. Am J Gun Nutr 1990; 5 1:963-9. encouraged lost the same or discouraged and to use APM-sweetened (2 1). In the other fewer calories all sucrose products hospitala 6- or ized lean period obese subjects KEY WORDS tose corn syrup, Human sugar, food intake, aspartame, body high-fruc- weetness, weight, weight control Introduction It is generally benefit believed taste that artificial sweeteners (1). provide Indeed, the foods of a desirable without calories and drinks containing these substances are frequently labeled â€Å"diet. † However, the possibility that sweet, low-calorie foods and drinks actually lead to a red uction in body weight has not been examined in detail. There is mounting evidence that in the short term (lt; 12 h), consumption of artificial sweeteners increases the motivation to eat. Rats increase food intake after drinking a saccharin solution (2). Humans report increased hunger after drinking solu- than when they were fed a high-sucrose diet (22, 23). None of the work to date has examined the effect on food intake or body weight ofadding artificial sweeteners to the normal diet. In the present study, we attempted to do this by determining the effect on long-term (3-wk) food intake and body weight of consuming APM given in soda, the most prevalent vehicle for artificial sweeteners. By comparing periods when subjects drank APM, HFCS, and no soda, we planned to examine the effect of APM both as an addition to the diet and as a l2-d sugar substitute. n the diet Methods Recruitment of subjects tions Food than These of aspartame (APM), saccharin, or acesulfame-K (3, 4). intake is greater after eating a saccharin-sweetened yogurt after a glucose-sweetened or unsweetened yogurt (5). results are not caused by a postingestive or pharmacolog- The experiment was run in two replications, held in the fall of 1987 and the spring of 1988. It was approved by the Cornmittee on Studies Involving Human Beings at the University of Pennsylvania. Potential subjects were first attracted by advertisements I 2 cal effect of the artificial sweeteners; rats eat more food after sham-drinking (ingesting but not absorbing) sucrose solution (6), and humans increase hunger ratings after chewing a gum base sweetened with as little as 0. 6 mg APM (7). Moreover, subjects who have normal sweetness perception while drinking a sweet milk shake subsequently eat more food than do subjects who cannot perceive the milk shake as sweet [because of treatment with gymnemic acid (8)]. These and other findings (9) posted the Monell on local university campuses. Upon ar- From Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia. Competitive Re- Supported y the US Department ofAgriculture’s search Grants Program grant 87-CRCR- 1-2316. 3Address reprint requests to MG Tordoff, Monell Chemical Center, 3500 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104. Senses Received Accep ted May 30, 1989. for publication August 9, 1989. Am iC/in Nutr 1990;51:963-9. Printed in USA.  © 1990 American Society for Clinical Nutrition 963 964 TABLE 1 TORDOFF AND ALLEVA each subject was weighed (wearing casual clothes, to the nearest 100 g; the weight was not revealed to the subject), the dietary record from the previous week was examined for ambiguities, and printed instructions for the following week were given. In the two soda conditions, subjects were directed to drink four sodas a day, keep unopened bottles in a refrigerator, and record the time each bottle they were notified, was consumed. In the no-soda â€Å"There are no special instructions condition, for this Constituents of aspartame-sweetened (APM) and high-fructose-cornsyrup-sweetened (HFCS) sodas ingested daily during 21-d test periods Constituent APM HFCS Weight(g) Water(mL) 1135 1130 1135 1000 APM(mg) HFCS(g) Calories (kcal) 590 1 3 0 133 530 week. † bottles carrying collected At the end of the weekly of soda for the following the sodas was somewhat them in smaller batches isit, subjects were given 28 week (if necessary). Because cumbersome, a few subjects more frequently. rival at the laboratory tive subject received for an initial a written appointment, description each of the prospecstudy and Debriefing and taste tests signed a participation consent form. The study’s purpose was stated as â€Å"an ongoing proj ect to examine basic mechanisms of food preference, food intake, and appetite. † The only procedural details given were the requirement to keep a dietary record and â€Å"you will receive beverages to drink on various days,† but â€Å"we you will receive cannot tell you at this or what they contain. time how many The description drinks also included notice ofthe requirement to attend a weekly interview at the laboratory and a schedule of remuneration, totalling $ 100 for satisfactory completion ofthe experiment. Subjects were administered the 40-question eating attitudes test (EAT-40) (24), the 5 1-question Restrained Eating Questionnaire (25), and other questionnaires to assess medical history, food preferences, eating attitudes, and dietary restraint. On the basis of questionnaire responses, applicants were excluded ifthey were recently or currently dieting, were avoiding caffeine, had a family history ofdiabetes, or were pregnant. Initial training period At the end ofthe 9-wk test period, taste tests were conducted to see if subjects could recognize differences between soda contaming APM and HFCS. First, each subject received a series of 16 counterbalanced triangle tests: the subject attempted to pick the disparate soda from three 10-mL samples of soda, two of one variety and one of the other. Second, the subject was allowed to drink as much as he or she wanted from four cups of soda. He or she was asked to identify whether the soda was a diet or regular type. Unbeknownst to the subject, two glasses contained APM-sweetened soda and two, HFCS-sweetened soda. Finally, we asked what the subject thought the study was about. Analysis ofdietary records Downloaded from www. ajcn. org by guest on June 1, 2011 Dietary diet-analysis records software were analyzed (release 3. 0, by use of NUTRITIONIST-3 N-Squared Computing, Sil- An experienced registered dietitian instructed each subject on how to complete dietary records. The 45-mm lesson emphasized the necessity of timely and accurate record keeping and included demonstrations with food models and household measures. To augment compliance, subjects were told, â€Å"We could determine what you have eaten from analysis of urine samples† (although this was untrue). To ensure understanding ofthe instructions, subjects kept a practice dietary record for 2 or 3 d. The completed record was scrutinized by the dietitian (with the subject present) to clarify any ambiguities and to familiarize subjects with the rigor required for keeping a dietary record. At this stage six females and eight males elected to quit the experiment. Two males who kept insufficiently detailed records were also eliminated. Experiment design and procedure erton, OR) by trained personnel who were unaware of the treatment conditions. Components of foods not listed in the database were obtained directly from the manufacturers or by chemical analysis. For simplicity, we combined fructose, glucose, sucrose, and other monoand disaccharides as â€Å"sugar. † After inspection of initial results, separate values were derived f or sugar in beverages (ie, soft drinks, coffee, and tea) and food (all other sources of sugar). Results Preliminary analyses found there were no differences be- Each subject maintained a dietary record continuously for 9 wk. During this eriod they received, in counterbalanced order, for 3 wk each, soda sweetened with APM, soda sweetened with high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS), or no experimental drinks. The cola-flavored soda was provided in ‘ 300-mL glass bottles. There was an alphanumeric code on the cap or sleeve ofeach bottle but nothing to inform the subject ofthe identity of the drink. During the appropriate periods, subjects were required to drink four bottles ( 1 1 35 g) ofsoda daily (Table 1). At the start of the test period and then at weekly intervals, tween the results of the two replications of this study, so they were combined. Of the I 3 female and 28 male subjects who started the study, 1 female and 5 males stopped keeping dietary records or failed to keep appointments at the laboratory. Three females were eliminated because of chicken pox, pneumonia, and relocation away from the area. Two males complained about having to drink so much soda, so they were also dropped from the study. Analyses and data presentation are based on the remaining 9 females and 2 1 males. Subject characteristics Anthropometric measures are shown in Table 2. Body mass indexes ofthe females and males were 25. 4  ± 1. 4 and 25. 1  ± 0. kg/m2, respectively, which falljust below the 75th percentile of body weight distribution (26). With the exception offour males who ate fixed meals four times per week, all subjects controlled their own food choice and meal size. There were minimal re- ARTIFICIAL TABLE Physical SWEETENERS AND BODY WEIGHT 965 2 characteristics of subjects* Female (n 9) Characteristic Age (y) Height (cm) =  ±  ±  ± (n Male = 21)  ±  ±  ± 28. 2 165. 5 2. 7 2. 2 4. 3 22. 9 174. 5 76. 6 0. 8 1. 2 Weight (kg) *j ±5EM 69. 6 2. 1 ports of food allergies or aversions. scores on the EAT-40, a measure 1 1 . 8  ± 2. , males 9. 9  ± 1. 1). The ing Questionnaire revealed normal No subjects had extreme of eating disorders (females 5 1-question Restrained eating behavior except Eatthat two females and one male had high (gt; 2 SD above the mean) restraint (factor 1) scores and five males had high disinhibition (factor 2) scores. None of the questionnaire responses corre- lated ofthe significantly except Restrained with Eating food intake Questionnaire) or weight between and = change hunger calorie p lt; during (factor intake the 3 dur- experiment, for a correlation ing the no-soda Body weight baseline) period (r 0. 37, 0. 05). Subjects gained slightly but wk of drinking HFCS-sweetened significantly more weight after 2 soda than after the same pesoda or no experimental soda was more marked a fter 3 wk (Fig did males durHFCS-sweet- riod drinking APM-sweetened (Appendix A). This difference 1). Females lost significantly more weight than ing the control (no-soda) period. While drinking ened soda, females gained p lt; 0. 0 1) and males gained drinking APM-sweetened  ± 0. 29 kg, p kg, lt; weight significantly (0. 97  ± 0. 25 kg, slightly (0. 52  ± 0. 23 kg, NS). While soda, females lost gained weight slightly (0. 47 males weight significantly (0. 25  ± 0. 22 NS) but 0. 05). Thus, the effect on both sexes combined and days (1-21 d). Separate analyses were performed either including or excluding the ingredients from the experimental sodas. All the analyses found that females consumed significantly less than did males, and there was no interaction between sex and treatment (Appendix A). None ofthe analyses produced a main effect or interaction involving the days factor, indicating that intakes were stable across the 2 l-d treatment periods. The possibility ofcarry-over effects from one period to another was examined using the same procedure as for body weight data. Results from the first 3-wk period were analyzed separately by using between-subject comparisons (Appendix B). The results of these analyses from a period before carry-over effects could have occurred were similar to those from the complete set of data, indicating that carry-over effects were either absent or, if present, undetectable and thus ofminor significance. Calories. Relative to calorie intake during the no-soda condition, drinking 530 kcal HFCS-sweetened soda/d produced a large and highly significant increase in total calorie intake (including calories in the experimental soda). Drinking the same volume ofAPM-sweetened soda decreased calorie intake. Both APM and HFCS consumption significantly reduced intake of calories from the diet (ie, calories excluding the sodas) to the same extent (by 179 and 195 kcal/d, respectively; Table 3). The decrease in dietary calorie intake produced by drinking either form of soda was due entirely to a decrease in sugar intake (Fig 2). Drinking soda did not affect the intake of protein, fat, alcohol, or complex (nonsugar) carbohydrate (Table 3). Sugar andsoda. During the period without experimental sodas, average intake of sugar-sweetened soda was 292  ± 1 33 g for females and 414  ± 85 g for males. Three females and two males drank essentially no (lt; 25 g/d) HFCS-sweetened soda; one female and two males drank gt; 1 135 g/d. Intake of APMsweetened soda during the same period was 1 59  ± 82 g for females and 88  ± 40 g for males, which included 6 females and 16 males who did not drink any. The total intake ofboth types Downloaded from www. ajcn. org by guest on June 1, 2011 ofdrinking HFCS-sweetened body weight, whereas the soda crease was to nonsignificantly in weight seen when gain soda was to significantly increase effect of drinking APM-sweetened decrease males it. Female =9) Male (n=2 1) Because APM could of the counterbalanced reflect either a direct caused body design drank of the study, soda sweetened period the dewith influence by a previous ofthe soda or recovof HFCS- ery from possibilities, the weight we sweetened-soda consumption. compared To discriminate weight changes between of the these three ) C male and three female subgroups of subjects during the first 3 wk of the experiment (Appendix B) and during each of the three 3-wk periods of the study (Appendix C). The pattern of results for each of the periods was more-or-less similar to that seen overall, although because of the smaller group loss in sensitivity produced by the use ofbetween-subject parisons, the only significant during the first 3-wk period difference for females 0 -C 0 .4. J ii No -1 sizes and corn- ci) was present gt;‘ 0 0 (Appendix who effects loss drank seen C). Judging APM-sweetened weight when per se. ofbody y the desoda gain could drank FIG Soda APM crease in the weight before any possible occur, soda it appears containing that of males carry-over the weight subjects HFCS APM was due to the soda Food intake and of total calories were anwith factors of sex, treatment, Intakes of the various nutrients alyzed by three-way ANOVAs in body weight during 3-wk periods when subjects sweetened with aspartame (APM), an equal weight ofsoda sweetened with high-fructose corn syrup(HFCS), or had no experimental manipulation (no soda). *p lt; 0. 05 relative to weight gain in no-soda period. 1. Changes drank 150 g/d of soda 966 TABLE 3 ofdrinking Effect on dietary nutrient intake sweetened with APM or HFCS* Measure Nosoda TORDOFF AND ALLEVA evidence that the effects weight were influenced soda. ofthe sodas on calorie intake and body by the subjects’ ability to identify the guessed the experiment’s purpose; most soda (1 135 g/d) APM kcal/d HFCS None ofthe subjects Females(n = 9) Alcohol Fat Protein Carbohydrate 65 ±23 747 ±93 266 ±25 39 ±12 745 ±95 262 ±28 58 ±23 726 ± 84 256 ± 27 405  ± thought we were performing market a new brand of soda. None noticed changed their body weight or altered take or selection. Discussion research of some kind on that drinking the sodas their patterns of food in- Imposing the requirement to drink 1 135 g/d of APM-sweetened soda on normal-weight, freely feeding subjects decreased calorie intake significantly (by 7%) and reduced body weight slightly (significantly in males). This was in marked contrast to 261 ±60 255 ±55 225 ±56 the highly significant, 13% increase in calorie intake and sig932 ±45 945 ±56 937  ±41 nificant increase in body weight produced by consumption of 373 ±23 384 ±27 373 ± 18 the same amount of HFCS-sweetened soda. The two types of soda produced an identical, 33% decrease in dietary sugar in617 ±43 612  ±48 ComplexCHO 624 ±49 461  ± 38t take (excluding the sugar in the soda), without affecting intake Sugar 674  ± 49 453  ± 40t Totalintake 2801  ± 150 2647 ± 153 2645 ± l24 t ofother macronutrients. This was caused in part by the â€Å"experimental† sodas displacing discretionary beverages; subjects i  ±SEM. given four bottles ofsoda per day have little motivation to purt Significantly different from no-soda condition: tp lt; 0. 005, f#{231}p chase and drink their own. However, drinking either form of